![]() ![]() Samples are usually placed on 1 x 1 cm or 3 x 3 cm sheets. A common method of XPS sample preparation is embedding the solid sample into a graphite tape. Furthermore, XPS samples must be prepared carefully, as any loose or volatile material could contaminate the instrument because of the ultra-high vacuum conditions. Basics of XPS Sample preparationĪs a surface technique, samples are particularly susceptible to contamination. These orbital energies are characteristic of the element and its state. ![]() By Koopman’s theorem, which states that ionization energy is equivalent to the negative of the orbital energy, the energy of the orbital from which the electron originated is determined. Using the equation with the kinetic energy and known frequency of radiation, the binding energy of the ejected electron may be determined. The kinetic energies of the resulting core electrons are measured. In photoelectron spectroscopy, high energy radiation is used to expel core electrons from a sample. ![]()
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